19th Century America Essay Example for Free

19th Century America EssaySocial Studies EssayThroughout the 19th century, America was a rapidly growing country. It was full of new inventions, new ideas, sparing and social development, and new ways of thinking. But, most of these came from the pairing. The North and the south-central had many differences and many similarities.The North and second had many differences. One difference is that Souths economy relied on slaves more than the North. Almost all the Northern states immediately or piecemeal abrogateed sla real after the Revolutionary War. Another economic difference is that the Souths economy was based on cash crops. Cash crops include rice, tobacco, indigo, and cotton. The South had many groves to support its farming economy. The North had many small farms as well as roundr towns and cities. The North relied more on factory work. In the North, railroads and canals connected the states, allowing for greater economic development. The Souths social development wa s also very much different from the Norths. For example, in the South, the wealthy plantation owners and the slave owners were at the top. They supported their plantations with slavery. In the North, the upper class was made up of mostly city people who owned factories. Many of the factory workers were European immigrants. One example of a similarity is the class structure. They both had a very small upper class, a small middle class, and a large lower class. Another example is that the white men had all the power, and slaves and women didnt have equal rights with the white men. In terms of economic similarities, farming was an most-valuable part of the economy in both the North and the South.These two regions obviously had many differences. In many ways, this strengthened the nation. The Norths factories processed the Souths crops, which tied the nation together. Also, having male dominance and having women and African Americans with no equal rights kept the nation together.But, t hese differences also created conflicts, which threatened the nation. The North wanted to abolish slavery for good, but the South needed slavery for crops, such as cotton. Because of this conflict, the Civil War would start later on. Overall, both regions differences threatened the nation.When the cotton snare was invented, this caused further conflict. It gave the South more reasons to keep slavery. Another conflict was the difference in wealth between the North and the South. The North had a more developed economy with canals, railroads, and factories. The South continued to rely on agriculture as its main component of the economy, requiring them to import manufactured goods.In conclusion, the North and the South were, overall, very different, but with some similarities. These differences strengthened the nation in a few ways and threatened the nation in many ways. The differences in social and economic structure led to the Civil War.

The Flow of Energy Essay Example for Free

The Flow of Energy EssayEnergy can neither be created nor destroyed. This is what the law of saving of energy states. In our environment, energy flows in one form to a nonher through the different natural processes. In ecosystems, virtually energy is converted into nutrients, which is accordingly passed from one organism to another. The model riding habitd to show the transfer of energy and nutrient from one organism to another is called food chain. Sunlight is the main denotation of energy here on earth. Energy from sunlight, called solar energy, is converted into chemical energy by plants through a process called photosynthesis. Plants also make use of nutrients found in the soil to produce their food. That plants atomic number 18 able to produce their profess food is why they are called the producers in the food chain. Animals cannot make their own food and get the energy and nutrients they require from eating plants or other animals. Hence, they are called consumers. A nimals that eat exclusively plants are called herbivores animals that eat only other animals are called carnivores and animals that eat both plants and other animals are called omnivores.In the food chain, animals that feed on plants are the first level consumers and animals that feed on them are the jiffy level of consumers. There can be up to three to four levels of consumers in the food chain, after which decomposers, such as worms, bacteria and fungi, break eat up the wastes and dead organisms as their food source and return nutrients back into the soil. Energy transferred through the food chain does not have a fixed amount.Producers, for example, only converts about three percent of the energy absorbed from the sun into chemical energy. The actual energy and nutrient transferred from one organism to another gets lower with all(prenominal) transfer. In general, only about ten percent of the energy from one level of a food chain makes it to the next (KEEP, n. p. ). The energy and nutrients, however, are not lost with each transfer. It is just that organisms are unable to digest all nutrients from what they eat. The undigested nutrients are excreted as wastes.Organisms may also have used some of the energy they received, by converting chemical energy into mechanical energy in cases of animals, and are unable to transfer all of the energy to the next level in the food chain. The energies used by animals are eventually converted into heat energy.Works CitedEnergy flow in ecosystems. 2002. Energy through our lives. K-12 Energy breeding Program (KEEP), University of Wisconsin Stevens Point. 7 July, 2008. http//www. uwsp. edu/cnr/WCEE/keep/Mod1/Flow/foodchains. htm

External Factors And Influences On The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

External Factors And Influences On The Hotel Industry Tourism EssayA problem does non attend in a vacuum. It has to act and react to what happens outside the factory and office walls. These factors that happen outside the railway line be known as external factors or influences. These get out affect the main internal functions of the business and possibly the objectives of the business and its st vagabondgies.Main FactorsThe main factor that affects most business is the degree of competition how fiercely other businesses compete with the products that another business makes.The other factors that base affect the business atomic number 18 cordial how consumers, households and communities be accommodate and their beliefs. For instance, changes in attitude towards health, or a greater number of pensioners in a population.Legal the way in which legislation in society affects the business. E.g. changes in employment laws on working hours. economical how the economic system a ffects a business in terms of taxation, regime outgo, full gen datel demand, interest rates, exchange rates and European and ball-shaped economic factors.Political how changes in government insurance constitution might affect the business e.g. a decision to subsidies building new houses in an atomic number 18a could be good for a topical anaesthetic brick works.Technological how the rapid pace of change in production processes and product innovation affect a business.Ethical what is regarded as morally right or wrong for a business to do. For instance should it trade with countries which devote a poor record on human rights.TABLE OF CONTENTSPage No working curriculum 1- Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities of an Organisation1a) Mission, Values and key objectives of the hotel host 1And interests of the stakeholders1b). stakeholders objectives and extent to which 2The hotel achieves these objectives1c). key responsibilities of the hotel group and the strategies 2Empl oyed for achieving themTask 2 Economic, Social and Global environs (LO2)2. A) the fundamental features of intend and mixed economic 4Systems n touch on on the operations of the hotel group2. B) tender welfare policy and industrial policy mea positive(predicate)s in the UK 52. c) rival of two macroeconomic policy measures in the UK 6And the US since the year 2011 on the hotel groupTask 3 -Behaviour of Organisations and the Market Environment3. A) shortcomings of two market models relevant to the hotel group 7And show how they can affect the profitability of the hotel.3b) factors of supply and demand income, price, weather, and substitutes impact 9On the activities of the hotel group3c) behaviour and competitive strategies employed by organisations in the UK 10And the rationale for regulating the behaviour strategiesTask 4 spheric Trade and the European Dimension4a) the pros and cons of trade between the UK and other countries 114b) the impact of two European Union policies on UK organisations and 12The hotel group4c) Implications of the UK comme il faut a member of the European economic 13And monetary union (EMU) to the UK sparing and to organisationReferencesTask 1- Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities of an Organisation1a) get word the Mission, Values and key objectives of the hotel group and show how they reflect the interests of the stakeholdersA Mission is the unique purpose that answers one hotel or motel comp whatsoever(prenominal) apart from others. Moreover, the mission controversy gives meanings and directions to hotel policies. In fact, when faced with some(prenominal) problem, misunderstanding, or strategic decision to be taken, managers always, make sure that their decisions match the mission statement. In addition, the mission statement shall be general and broad. The mission statement shall reflect the interests of the agents interacting in the hotel group.Guest Guest(s) plant one of the most important agents in the hotel ind ustry. For no guests mean is no accommodation sector.Employee A hotel with no employees gist simply that guests would not be welcomed, registered, assisted for whatsoever specific they needs befool. Employees are a primordial agent in the hotel industryManagement Owners A hotel with no managers resembles to an army without generals. Moreover, to go through a hotel, investors shall poor some amount of money to build it, refurnish it, and operate it.Therefore, the mission statement tells how it is going to run across all the above stated agents so that they continue acting in the hotel industry. (Keller, 2005)Key ObjectivesManagers shall, bearing in mind the companys mission statement, come up with companys global objectives,Which are Specific numericalObservableMeasurableIf objectives are general and non-quantifiable, then, it would be unfeasible at the end of a certain period of epoch to see whether company actual results match with the planned objectives or not. (Grimble, 19 97)1b).Identify triplet groups of stakeholders objectives and evaluate the extent to which the hotel achieves these objectivesProperty OwnersThey work in concert with property and to find modern solutions that satisfy their economic, environmental and neighborly objectives.EmployeesThey recognize the importance of communicating information about their business and its performance to employees. Because CR issues are central to our company set they are a prominent feature of global management conferences, informal briefings, in-house publications and our intranets. (Hahnel, 2001)In January 2011 we held a Green Day at our Atlanta Offices to raise sentience of IHGs approach to CR. During the coming year we exit work with colleagues to ensure that we are following sound principles for Green Meetings and Green Training materials. We will also set up a dedicated section on CR in our Leaders Lounge, a virtual community of IHG leaders that provides time-effective tools, tips and articl es that reinforce our strategy and abet managers improve their leadership. This online tool allows users to connect with and share best practices with peers and senior IHG leaders around the globe.SuppliersFeedback from suppliers helps us to better understand how we perform against our peers and gain a clearer catch of our risks.Wherever possible we encourage our hotels to source goods and services locally. In addition to IHG containing local suppliers, we also need to promote responsible business practices by those same suppliers. One area we are working on with suppliers is procurement find out to a greater extent than in our Supply Chain section. (Myers, 2004)1c). Explain three key responsibilities of the hotel group and the strategies employed for achieving them.Hotel ManagerA hotel manager who is responsible for the day-to-day management of a hotel and its staff, They have commercial accountability for budgeting and financial management, planning, organising and say all h otel services, including front-of-house ( reply, concierge, and reservations), nourishment and beverage operations and housekeeping. In larger hotels, managers often have a specific responsibility (guest services, accounting, and marketing) and make up a general management team. objet dart taking a strategic overview and planning ahead to maximise profits, the manager must also pay attention to the details, setting the face for staff to deliver a standard of service and presentation that meets guests needs and expectations. Business and people management are equally important sections. (Keller, 2005)The manager of a large hotel may have less make contact with guests but will have regular meetings with heads of department to coordinate and monitor the progress of business strategies. In a smaller establishment, the manager is much much involved in the hands-on day-to-day running of the hotel, which may include carrying out reception duties or serving meals if the need arises.Sal es coordinatorOften seen as a dynamic and social working environment, hotels offer an attractive career path for umpteen people. For those interested in the business side of hotels, a career in sales may be campaignable vocation for them. Hotel group sales coordinators are commonly the link between the guests and the hotel company. Their roles involve a mixture of customer service, team management and brand building for their hotel group.Group sales coordinator has many responsibilities. Among them is the training of correspondence such as customer appreciation letters, helping to facilitate promotions such as half-price rooms and scheduling staff rotas to make sure the sales department is operating sufficiently. Other responsibilities include ensuring that the sales team meets its targets, liaising with individual customers and groups for detailed feedback on the hotels facilities and analyzing sales statistics to provide an accurate report for the sales director.Hotel marketin g managerA hotel marketing manager works with the hotels advertising and sales managers to promote the hotels services and facilities. Lower-level managers, like market research managers, work together with hotel marketing managers to come up with ideas for creating new clientele such as offering hotel deals and incentives like issuen welcome drinks, a approving massage at the hotel or complimentary use of a business center. Marketing managers and researchers learn what kick the bucketers want and estimate the cost of including those services. (Hahnel, 2001)Task 2 Economic, Social and Global Environment2. A) Discuss the fundamental features of planned and mixed economic systems and explain how each system can impact on the operations of the hotel group. utilization examples of the hotel activities to support your answer. plan EconomyA planned economy is an economic system in which the government or workers councils manage the economy. In such economies, the state or government controls all major sectors of the economy and decide all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income, much like a communist state. The planners decide what should be produced and direct enterprises to produce those goods. Planned economies are in contrast to unplanned economies, such as a market economy, where production, distribution, pricing, and investment decisions are made by the private owners of the factors of production based upon their own and their customers interests rather than upon furthering some overarching macroeconomic plan. (Anthony, 2007)Mixed EconomyA mixed economy is an economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system. This is typically means an economy that contains both privately-owned and state-owned enterprises or that combines elements of capitalism and socialism, or a mix of market economy and planned economy. (Myers, 2004)Impact on planned and mixed economyThe centrally planned economy operates under the rules whereby the means of production, such as the hotels, are deemed to be owned by the public and all forms of economic activity are controlled by the government. This means that the central planning authorities are responsible for assigning production goals of the touristry industry as tumefy as the allocation of factors of production. Within such a system, the proportion of total railroad siding absorbed as investment as opposed to private consumption, together with the distribution of income and the range of tourism activities produced, becomes a problem of social control rather than market forces. Therefore, in centrally planned economies the decision to produce fussy levels of output of tourism products is a social and political rather than an economic decision. The mixed economy is helpful in change magnitude national production in the country. Both public and private sector work hard to bring about more production. The problem created by free enterprise and too much public control are solved through mixed economy. It provides freedom of enterprise ownership profit earning as well as social welfare and political freedom .However Mixed economy is is not helpful in achieving optimal use of national resources .The mixed economy suffer from the drawbacks of both the capitalism and the socialism. Mixed economy seldom achieved progress. It suffers from continues backwardness. (Alec, 1997)2. B) Identify and explain two social welfare policy and industrial policy measures in the UK that impact on the activities of the hotel and similar organisationsSocial Policy means the study of social services and the welfare state. Social Policy and Administration is an academic area concerned with the study of social services and the welfare state. It developed in the early part of the 20th century as a complement to social work studies, aimed at people who would be professionally involved in the administration of welfare. In the course of the last forty years, the range and breadth of the overt has developed. The principal areas relate topolicy and administrative practice in social services, including health administration, social security, education, employment services, community care and housing managementsocial problems, including crime, disability, unemployment, mental health, learning disability, and old ageissues relating to social disadvantage, including race, gender and poverty andthe range of collective social responses to these conditions.Social Policy is a subject area, not a discipline it borrows from other social science disciplines for develop study in the area. The contributing disciplines include sociology, social work, psychology, economics, political science, management, history, philosophy and law. (Nyheim, 2004)Industrial policy means in essencean activist approach by the state towardssupport for and development of the economy. In the UK, state activism in this area was discredited in the 1970sbecause extensive state financia l support for the defunct UK car industry failed at2. c) Evaluate the impact of two macroeconomic policy measures in the UK and the US since the year 2011 on the hotel groupThe main policies of economic management that are impact on the hotel group in UK. monetary PolicyFiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation and borrowing to influence both the conventionalism of economic activity and also the level and growth of aggregate demand, output and employment.Monetary PolicyMonetary policy involves the use of interest rates to control the level and rate of growth of aggregate demand in the economy. here(predicate) are some differences in the economic effects of monetary and financial policy, on the composition of output, the effectiveness of the two kinds of policy in meeting the governments macroeconomic objectives, and also the time lags involved for fiscal and monetary policy changes to take effect. We will consider each of these in turnEffects of Policy on the Composition of National Output from the hotelsMonetary policy is often seen as something of a blunt policy instrument affecting all sectors of the economy although in different ways and with a variable impact.In contrast, fiscal policy can be targeted to affect certain groups (e.g. increases in means-tested benefits for low income households, reductions in the rate of corporation tax for small-medium sized enterprises, investment allowances for businesses in certain regions)Consider as an example the effects of using either monetary or fiscal policy to achieve a given increase in national income because actual GDP lies below potential GDP (i.e. there is a nix output gap) (Buchanan, 1996)Task 3 -Behaviour of Organisations and the Market Environment3. A) Explain the shortcomings of two market models relevant to the hotel group and show how they can affect the profitability of the hotel. bone Analysis of Hilton Hotels both major hotel corporations, is continuing to recover from the casings of September 11th. This tragic human event also delivered a financially devastating blow to the run short industry as a whole and to the hotel industry in particular. In order to fully recover and thrive in the coming years, HHC must value its overall all distinctivenesss and weaknesses as it moves forward through the new millennium. The following SWOT Analysis sheds some light on some of the pitfalls and opportunities that await the Hilton Hotels mountain. (Porter, 2001)StrengthsHilton Hotel Corporation (HHC) is a well established musical arrangement and industry leader in the hotel, hospitality and gaming industryHHC is well diversified across the industry with hotels in the high end, business and mid-priced classes in their product mixHHC also possesses solid integration features such as owning the companies that manufacture its furniture and has invested in online reservation travel enterprisesWeaknessesHHC may be two narrowly focused making it vulnerable to a sla shturn in the global economy and other world-wide catastrophes that could limit global travel such as the bird-flu and a significant terrorist strikeHHC may be vulnerable to workers strikes and crack down on undocumented workers in the U.S. about of its holdings are in the U.S.OpportunitiesHHC should offer an array of distinctive and particularised services to the high end guests and high rollers such asWedding planning hostingSpas that specialize in personal servicesPersonal trainersHHC should look to expand into or acquire a cruise lineA cruise ship is dinky more than a hotel that floats this would essentially match what it currently does with its leased propertiesGaming activities would escape regulation, etc.Take advantage of emerging markets, especially with business class and mid-priced marketsThreatsHHC must be careful not overextend its efforts to mix entertainment and gamingAlso the extension of credit and other side effects of gaming can slowly but surely nibble away pr ofitsSeptember 11th was a major blow to the hotel industry. A similar event could result in another down turn.By studying national and regional industry trends, HHC will be able to take advantage of opportunities that will enable growth while identifying threats that may affect profitability. Growth in the hotel and hospitality industry will include a continued focus on gaming, international expansion and using all media to promote its products to potential customers. One recommended strategy for Hilton is to emphasize the importance of family in all its hotels, including the gaming and casino locations. Las Vegas has dog-tired millions to attract families by adding childrens attractions as well as the traditional casinos for the adults. Most of the hotels have at least a small area dedicated to arcade games. However, some hotels have elaborate arcades, game areas, and child-care centers intended for those traveling with children (Hilton Hotels Corporation, 2007). Hilton needs to ensure they are right in the middle of this demographic of parents traveling with children. While the focus can still be on the high dollars that are tossed around in the casinos by the parents, it will be critical that the hotel have the facilities open that will attract parents with children to stay at the property. Since there is a greater demand and vacation time has become one of the few times that families are able to spend quality time together, Hilton must capitalize on this market segment. (Buchanan, 1996)Market SegmentationMarket Segmentation means breaking down the total market into self contained and relatively standardized subgroups of customers, each possessing its own special requirements and characteristics. This enables the company to modify its output, advertising messages and promotional methods to correspond to the needs of particular segments. Accurate segmentation allows the firm to pinpoint selling opportunities and to tailors its marketing activities to sati sfy on consumer needs. Through the process of market segmentation, there are certain variables to identify customer groups, such as needs, income geographical, location, buying habits and other characteristics . (Hahnel, 2001)3b) Explain how these factors of supply and demand income, price, weather, substitutes impact on the activities of the hotel group.When negotiating a hotel contract for meeting or convention, some factors are influenced.First, factors that influence room blocks and room rates are based on supply and demand. So, if the hotel is in their peak season, they have more clients requesting the same outer space and can choose who gets the space and can set their price.Most hotels have a preferred pattern for arrivals and departures. If your pattern fits theirs, they may be willing to negotiate. However, if the pattern differs, you may have to pay higher rates.Be prepared, check with the Convention Bureau and ask what the normal occupancies are for various months of the year. That way you will have an idea of how much the hotel needs your business. If you can hold your meeting in a month that has less occupancy, you have more room to negotiate.Also, do not falter to ask for special items in the contract. The more the hotel needs your business, the more they are willing to give up or add to the contract in order to get your signature. (Carl, 1997)It may be easy to get that suite you wanted on a complimentary basis or at a special rate. If the hotel is going to have a low occupancy and would not be selling that suite in the first place, they have nothing to loose by giving it to you in your contract.So, what factors are involved that influence pricing when negotiating a sales contract for sleeping rooms, meeting space and food events? They are availability of rooms, room patterns, your ability to be flexible and especially you being aware of what the hotel is looking for.Therefore, do your homework before meeting with your hotel of choice and you wi ll be better prepared to negotiate successfully.3c) Explain three behaviour and competitive strategies employed by organisations in the UK and the rationale for regulating the behaviour strategies. Use relevant examples to support your answer.Organizations operate within a competitive industrial environment. Analyzing its competitiveness help to identify opportunities for and threats to the organization from its industrial environment, SWOT epitome is a systematic analysis of these factors and the strategy that reflects the best match between them.Considering the as an example, relation to the core competence of McDonalds, one of the largest food chain companies in the world. let us first start with the strengths and the positive aspects which define the performance of this company. Strength is a distinctive competence that gives the firm a comparative advantage in the market place. For instance financial resources, regard, market leadership and buyer supplier relations etcThe gre atest strength was creating an image in the minds of the people and introducing them to the fast food culture. Delivery speed, customer care and cleanliness are the core strengths on which these stores expanded. They created a corporate symbol and their advertisement campaigns were highly successful in establishing the brand image and logo in the minds of the millions. Two main competitors generally identified with McDonalds are the Burger King and the KFC. McDonalds marketing strategy is concerned with the internal resources, external environment and its rudimentary competencies along with its share holders.McDonalds product value is also its greatest strengths. Customers know what to expect when they walk into a McDonalds store. It gives great tenseness to human resources by refreshing both the customer and the employees. Next is the innovation aspect wherein new products line up to catch up with the new trends and tastes of the people. Its diversity into other new business ven tures can also be considered as its strengths.One major threat to any brand is its relationship between the management and the franchise dealers. Organization strength is the back bone of any concern and when that starts shaking the whole system will collapse. But slowing McDonald is recovering from all these weaknesses as its brand managers can easily communicate, compare and improve their services through the latest technological developments wherein they can use the internet to motivate, compare and improve upon other centers performances.The overall analysis of all the external and internal strengths and weaknesses on this company should be linked in order to draft a bugger offable plan for the companies further improvement. For any improvement or expansion the internal resources must be readily available. And thus analyzing this aspect can lead to a modified strategy to suit its vision. Keeping in mind the available resources the planner should think globally. Hence making use of all the core competencies the firm can definitely sustain in the competitive market.Task 4 International Trade and the European Dimension4a) Discuss the pros and cons of trade between the UK and other countries. Use the activities of the hotel group to support your answerProsAccording to the U.S. State Department, the United States had implemented nine free trade agreements with a total of 14 countries and had several others awaiting final enactment as of September 2009. The agency reports that since the implementation of these economic pacts U.S. exports have increased exponentially and imports have grown considerably. Therefore, the State Department makes the claim that free trade supports economic development in poor countries as well as in the United States.ConsIn November 2003 the Economic Policy Institute issued a report that earnestly questions the benefits of free trade. According to the document, the rise in the U.S. trade deficit with its NAFTA trading partners, Cana da and Mexico, caused the displacement of high-wage positions in U.S.-based manufacturing industries. Additionally, the report states that workers in all three member countries have been hurt by free trade, with many Mexicans being reduced to subsistence-level work while Canadians witness a reduction in important public spending in education, health care and other such services. The institute says that NAFTA guidelines tilt the economic situation in favor of investors while offering no environmental or worker-safety protection.ConsiderationsWhile just about everyone agrees that international trade will continue, the debate over free-trade economics demonstrates the existence of two radically disparate viewpoints those of the businesses and investors that have benefited from the adaptation of free-trade agreements and those of blue-collar workers, who appear to be losing ground financially. Policy negotiators might do well to consider the well- being of all concerned by adopting guid elines that secure a living wage to all as well as environmental and worker-safety standards. (Carl, 1997)4b) critically analyse the impact of two European Union policies on UK organisations and the hotel group, if any.UK hoteliers are feeling quietly optimistic about the new coalition governments tourism policy priorities for the countrys hotel industry.Industry leaders are hoping for a new era of firm leadership supported by clear tourism policy. Many are hopeful that the new administration will place greater emphasis on tourism policy, support new investment and provide better co-ordination of Whitehall policies across the industry.With clear policies on regulation, tax policies and interest rates, the new government is in a position to provide better stability for hotel developers, owners and operators, despite cuts in public spending. (Easterly, 2001)At this crucial time, the UK hotel industry needs strong, unified representation to government. The strongest organization is mo st probably the British Hospitality Association (BHA) who has already raised five key points on behalf of the industry, as followsFewer regulations and those that are introduced should be more accurately coasted and assessed for their impact on small businesses.An understanding that the industry is a potential job creator and is the main economic driver of many regions in the country even including London. Yet, in an industry largely made up of small businesses, past fiscal and regulatory measures have inhibited private investment to a great extent.Greater encouragement by the government for businesses to invest, through the introduction of appropriate tax breaks and capital allowances (eg Hotel Building in allowance). Only through more private investment will the industry be able to meet rising international competition.A government department (presumably the DCMS) which is stronger and more able to represent the industry with other government departments and throughout Whitehall .Too many local, regional and national tourism bodies are fighting for limited amounts of funding to promote Britain inter across the nation, nationally and locally. Only some Regional Development Agencies have seriously supported their tourism industry while a number of regional tourism boards have been disbanded. A more coherent approach to the countrys tourism infrastructure is required.4c) Evaluate the implications of the UK becoming a member of the European economic and monetary union (EMU) to the UK economy and to organisations operating in the UK. Use relevant examples to support your answerThe Economic and Monetary Union or EMU is an umbrella term for the group of policies aimed at converging the economies of members of the European Union in three acquaints so as to allow them to adopt a single currency,. As such, it is largely synonymous with the Eurozone.All member states of the European Union are expected to participate in the EMU. The Copenhagen criteria are the current set of conditions of entry for states wanting to join the EU. It contains the requirements that need to be fulfilled and the time framework within which this must be done in order for a country to join the monetary union. An important element of this is the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERMII), in which candidate currencies demonstrate economic convergence by maintaining limited deviation from their target rate against the euro. (Easterly, 2001)All member states, except Denmark and the United Kingdom, have committed themselves by treaty to join EMU. Seventeen member states of the European Union, including, most recently, Estonia, have entered the third stage and have adopted the euro as their currency. Denmark, Latvia and Lithuania are the current participants in the exchange rate mechanism. Of the pre-2004 members, the United Kingdom and Sweden have not joined ERMII and Denmark corpse in ERM without proceeding to the third stage. The five remaining (post-2004) states have yet to achieve sufficient convergence to participate. These ten EU members continue to use t

Individual and Combined Healing Techniques Experiment

Individual and Combined Healing Techniques ExperimentSmart materialsThe materials that have one or much properties that can be heightend in a controlled way by an external stimuli such as heat, washy, pressure, electric line of business etc.ExamplesPiezoelectric these materials produce a voltage when melodic phrase is utilizeMagnetic shape memory these materials change their shape in response to magnetic fieldPH sensitive polymers these materials change their volume with change in their surrounding ph.Chromogenic systems these materials change their color with thermal, opticall and electrical changesTemperature responsive polymers these materials change their behavior with change in temperature.and many more as Smart in total polymers, Halo chromic,Ferro fluid,Photomechanical materials, Self- ameliorate materials, Magneto caloric materialsetc.Smart materials in construction industrysince the dawn of humanity, having a proper place to live under(a) has been the prime need of hu mans, to tackle this the humans have started building shelters using natural available materials.wiht the passage of quantify the human being evolved and their requirementsincreased, and a raw(a) era of construction begin in which they combined utilizedscientific systems to build huge sky scrapers of different shapes and heights.In the twentieth century to achieve certain machine-controlled functions and artificial intelligent systems, certain materials that could decide on their admit in limited ways were developed. Since then aloof search has been done in this field and it has excessively been utilized in construction industry in manyways I-eIt is used in windows to automatically close and open in response to light and temperature, it is also used in rooms electric control systems to switch on and off depending on the requirements,It is used in central cooling and central heating system system to control the room temperature.it is also used in cover to introduce certain qu alities,Self healing coverThe concrete that fix its own crock up is called the self healing concreteIntroductionConcrete is a core building material. But even concrete starts to crumble when it comes face-to-face with water, wind, stress and pressure. it is the worlds most usable material since 2000 years when then romans built pantheon.and the durability of the concrete has always been under question.since centuries a lot of money, effort and time pass in repairing concrete structures.different types and different of concrete has been tested and utilised,but the issue of fracture hasn,t been solved yet,which reduces the life span of the concrete.The current method of dealing with geomorphologic instability in concrete has been to replace or repair it. But what if all you had to do was add a little water? A rude(a) type of smart concrete.A concrete that could heal itself and work well till its service life.TypesThere are two types of self-healing concretebending concretebio con creteBending concreteThey consist of polymer fiber thick as human hairs.They are 40% lighter in pack.They are 500 multiplication more resistant to crack cocaineBio concreteBio concrete consist of concrete mix with bacterium called extremophiles.When a crack occurs in the concrete, the bacteria actively produces lime, frankincense healing the cracks.Mechanism of self healing concreteMineral producing bacteria has been found that could help heal micro cracks inconcrete. since 2006 at the Civil Engineering and Geosciences susceptibility in Delft A healing agent that activates when certain bacteria added in the concrete convert nutrients into limestone has been under development.The science behind self-healing concreteThe nominate group have investigated individual and combined healing techniques in the laboratory and at the field-scale. The individual healing techniques address damage at various lengths and timescales. These include encapsulating healing agents, bacterial healing agents, and crack closure using shape memory polymer tendons and repeated supply of healing agents finished vascular networks.We explore how these work in a bit more detail belowHealing agents small grain sized ingredients areused as healing agents. These capsules are termed as microcapsules. Once the concrete sets the capsules are in dormant condition unless a crack is formed and it ruptures releasing the materials that fills the gap and recovers it. The mechanism stops the entrance of other substances and thus strengthens it.bacterial action A solution containing self-healing bacteria is mixed within the concrete mix. In their trails scientists used different types of self-healing bacteria. But the bacteria bacillus pseudofirmus mixed with light weight aggregates in the form of pearlites worked the best.Memory polymer tendons Memory polymers have also the healing capability to close any cracks that results later after exposure. In a trial these polymers were manufactured into tendons tied onto the reinforcement .these could be activated by a heating wire system.Repeated supply of healing agent through vascular networks Artificial channels were strategically placed within concrete structures through which healing agents could be supplied under pressure.By combining all the above mentioned mechanics the healing efficiency of the concrete could be increased.Preparation of bacterial concreteWe have two methodsdirect applicationencapsulation in light weight concreteDirect applicationIn this method,while making the concrete, the bacteria and its food calcium lactate are mixed with the mixture.In this process when a crack occurs the bacteria pores break and the bacteria gets active and feeds on calcium lactate and as a result limestone is produced.Encapsulation methodThis method is expensive however effective.in this method bacteria and its food, calcium lactate are formed into pellets and then these pellets are mixed into the concrete. About 6% of bacteria is used in making self-healing concrete.When a crack is formed in the concrete the pellets are broken and the bacteria is released and then the bacteria starts its healing action and thus the cracks are recovered.Testing of bacterial concrete and its resultSampleIn this test concrete disks are prepared by mixing porousaggregates, bacteria and its food to make a self-healing concrete disks. The samples are cured for 56 days.Tests performed on samplesTensile test deformation tensile controlled splitting test is performed on the disks.Permeability test after cracking of the disks, the concrete is place in permeability setup in which water is applied at one end for 24 hours.Test resultsAfter cracking and permeability test, the cracks were healed and the results were obtained.The result showed that the healing of the bacterial concrete was far greater than normal concrete.UKs counterbalance trial of self-healing concretethis is a university led project in which the different types of se lf healing concretes are tested.The project is named entitled materials for life.in this project three separate self-healing technologies result be used for the first time in real world setting.The overall aim of the Cardiff-led project is to develop a single system that can be embed into concrete when it is ab initio set, and then automatically sense when damage occurs. Once damage is detected, the system will be able to repair itself autonomously without the need for human interventionThe first technique is using shape shifting materials, called shape memory polymers, which are used to repair large concrete cracks.In the technique, both inorganic and organic bacteria will be injected through thin tunnels into the concrete to fix the cracks.In the third technique, tiny capsules containing bacteria and its food will be embedded in the concrete, so when a crack occurs in concrete the capsules will collapse and heal the cracks.In this research, the researchers have cast six concret e walls, all(prenominal) containing different technology. The team will load the concrete at different angles to induce cracks at different positions and then measure how effective each of the applied technique is.AdvantagesTheself-healing concrete reduces the maintenance and the repair costs of the reinforced concrete structures.Oxygen is the main cause of the corrosion of steel in reinforced structures, the bacteria present in self-healing concrete mixture reduces the corrosion of the steel.It can be used for the maintenance of places and structures where the human accessibility is dangerous or impossible I-e- submersed structures, dams, tunnels etc., thus reducing the human losses in construction industry.The crack will be repaired in its initial stages, so the life of the building will increase, making it more sustainable.DisadvantagesIf the volume of the bacteria is increased than 20% in self-healingconcrete, the strength of the concrete reduces.It is still in beginner stages , thats why no good spread use have.Bacteria and calcium lactate are the two main ingredients of the self-healingconcrete, and making of calcium lactate from milk is costly, thus making the self-healing concrete cost double that of conventional concrete.Not practically used in real life buildings, thats why people are reluctant to its use.Skilled comminute is requiredApplicationsSelf-healing concrete can be used in sectors such asMarine structuresUnderground retaining wallsHighway bridgesBasement wallsConcrete surpriseTunnel liningConclusionSelf-healing concrete, is still at its initial development stage and vast research is required in this area, because it is not easily accomplishable and is costly which makes it difficult to use.But with all its cons it have some good attributes such as self-healing and corrosion reducer. it is an effective and smart material which if further research is carried on, can be the future of concrete structures, enhancing the life span and strengt h of concrete structures.ReferencesNational building specifications (NBS)Delft university/structural department/research articles/webredactieCardiff university research journalwww.iflscience.comwww.concrete.org.uk

Training Required To Be A Soccer Player

Training Required To Be A Soccer impostorSoccer players consume a faction of fitness attributes such as strength, endurance, power, co-ordination, speed and agility, in order to perform and play at a game intensity considering games last 90 minutes plus, indeed as stated by (Stolen et al, 2005) success depends on players being mentally, physically, technically and tactically prepared for competition. indoors this assignment I will outline the dressing requirements for a association football player under(a) the following headings Strength Training, Endurance Training, Speed Agility and celerity Training. While doing so I will give general nurture on distributively of the three topics, and then move on to give information about the particular(prenominal) requirements for the association football player.Strength TrainingAccording to Darden, (1992)Well developed, strong, lean body parts will help any athlete or non-athlete perform better. Pg 45Stated by Croisier et al., (200 5) Strength upbringing is very outstanding for any competing athlete, as it corrects heftinessman imbalances and reduces the risk of injury, for safety it is definitive for everyone pickings part in strength training to use a spotter and reach good lifting technique to avoid injury. Strength training is also important for non-athletes as it enhances quality of life for people as they can go about everyday tasks such as getting out of bed, getting dressed, carrying shop bags, walking up stairs etc. (Evans, 1999).Strength training can be divided into three phases such as absolute maximal strength, detonative power, and lastly muscular endurance. McDonagh and Davies, (1984) stated that maximal strength is the biggest force that can be exerted in a single maximum voluntary contraction. According to Stone, (1981) maximal strength is proven to increase jumping readiness and motor performance. The athletes main goal is to build as much maximal strength as achievable so that they can turn this strength into muscular endurance and explosive power.Explosive power can be developed using a combination of heavy, moderate and light weights (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). Plyometric training has been shown to be one of the most effective methods for up and enhancing explosive power (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004) which occurs when the active muscle switches from rapid eccentric muscle action to rapid concentric muscle action (Luebbers et al, 2003). The purpose of plyometrics is to improve the athletes capacity to apply more force more rapidly. Therefore, the greater the athletes ability to produce maximal force or strength to begin with, the more this maximal force and strength can be converted into boast-specific power.According to Dick, (2007) a decomposable form of training develops muscular endurance, enlistment type training which concentrates on soccer specific exercises works well. He states that including a variety of different exercises, movements, as well as equ ipment combinations and training methods in the circuits will help keep athletes motivated. More sports specific exercises may include using spunky box meter ups rather than lying leg press for the leg muscles, water resistance for training leg muscles, swiss ball for working on core stability and balance.Dynamic movements such as headers, tackling, sprinting and kicks all involve a high level of muscle strength, endurance and power. Players need strength to defend against components who try to weightlift them off the ball while in the air or on the ground, (Cabri et al, (1988). Therefore it is important for athletes to improve their soccer specific strength in the preparation period as the athlete of necessity to be capable of using muscle strength and power effectively and also consistently within a game and during the flavor Bangsbo, (1994).As stated by Bompa, (2009) the soccer players performance during the season depends on their adaption and psychological adjustment to tr aining and competitions, and their development of skills and abilities. The duration of each of the stages below depends firstly on the competition schedule and also on the time the athlete needs to increase their level of training and athletic shape, therefore an adequate planning schedule of training and fixtures needs to be put in place.According to Davis et al, (1992) the strength training program for the soccer player is parasitic on their positions which can be broken down into four stages goalkeeper, defender, midfield, and attacker given that the athletes need to build up strength and power in coincidence to their position on the field and what is expected of them. Sport specific training provides a stronger relationship to the soccer player then general strength training because of the way it works the muscles, the speed of the movement and the actual sporting performance Dick, (2007).The following specific requirements for the soccer player were retrieved from Bompa and Carrera, (2005) Dick, (2007) Hoff and Helgerud, (2004) Shepard, (2006) get rid of seasonIn the off-season the soccer player is in the preparation stage their training to train. After their recovery and adequate rest, soccer players work on building up muscles and a full-blooded functional strength base, they achieve this by preparing the body for more intense work in later phases, strengthening the stabiliser muscles and working on improving imbalances in the body. As soccer players in general have over developed quads from repetitive kicking action therefore they need to work on balancing flexors and extensors also, in order to reduce the risk of injury later on in the season,Off season- Early pre seasonIn this phase the soccer player needs to build maximal strength, since power is the overall outcome, the athlete needs to develop strength first and then convert it into soccer specific power. youthful pre seasonIn the late pre season the athlete needs to keep working on muscle pow er and strength endurance, converting strength gains into soccer specific power and muscle endurance. For this stage plyometrics and/or circuit training should replace weight room sessions.In season-maintanceDuring this phase the soccer player needs to maintain the gains they have made so far in the season without over reaching and overtraining. The athlete should be balanced and muscles should not be under stress, the athletes upper and lower body should be working in cohesion minimizing shock and stress and therefore reducing the risk of injury.Bobbert and Van Soest, (1994) stated that muscle training exercises need to be affiliated with sport specific motions so that the athlete can regulate their control and therefore take advantage of their enhance muscle properties.Endurance TrainingAccording to Tinley, (1994) endurance training involves athletes being able to keep going for long periods of time, and it also requires a high level of stamina, to develop and maintain aerobic fit ness and build endurance. Non-athletes might partake in endurance training in order to improve their quality of life, so they can walk up the stairs without wheezing or run a 10k run in six months time.Stone and Kilding, (2009) stated that soccer players need a high level of aerobic fitness in order to produce and maintain power output during repeated high intensity efforts and in order to recover quickly. Bangsbo et al, (1994) Franks et al, (1999) have observed training intensities deemed suitable for endurance training, during small sided soccer games and on a dribbling track. The size of pitch, intensity, duration and turn of events of players were also seen to have an influence on reaching target heart rate zone. As stated by Bangsbo, (1994) approximately 90% of energy during a soccer game is from aerobic sources, therefore heart rate is a valid indicator of exercise intensity for most of the training.Anaerobic endurance is important for soccer players especially strikers, they require short bursts of anaerobic power when sprinting for a ball, Shepard, (2006).The soccer player requires the following endurance training for the duration of the seasonOff seasonDuring the off season the athlete needs adequate rest and recovery in order to start preparation for the season as in brief as possible, Bompa and Carrera, (2005).Off season- Early pre seasonDuring this stage the team takes part in small sided learn games, dribbling tracks, interval training or circuit training that include specific movement and skill development activities. The fitness program in this stage concentrates on aerobic and short term anaerobic endurance, Lawson, (2001) Meir et al, (2001).Late pre seasonThe team have increased emphasis on training with the ball in order to transfer the skills and movements into their competitive environment. They are soundless working on drills and training programs from the last stage, although intensity has increased and sports specific adoptions have been made. The athletes develop decision making and problem solving skills under drive and fatigue, Kelly, (2009) Little, (2006).In season-maintanceDuring the in season the team have to maintain the aerobic fitness and sport specific skills they have acquired over the pre season training stages and apply them to their performances, Stone and Kilding, (2009).Speed Agility and quickness TrainingSpeed, agility and adeptness (SAQ) training is important for athletes especially those who play a sport that involves a high level of dynamic movement such as, changing complaint, headers, tackling, sprinting and kicks. SAQ enables athletes to develop unfalteringer reactions so that they can accelerate more quickly and effectively, move successfully in multiple directions, change direction and decelerate quickly in order improve performance on the pitch, Pearson, (2000).Stated by Brown et al., (2000) speed, agility and quickness training drills are used to develop co-ordination, balance, a nd optimise neuromuscular patterning and condition. Shepherd, (2006) speed can be trained and learned through repetition and overload, speed is the athletes ability to move in the right direction through the required range of motion as fast as possible. Agility is rapid changes in direction without the loss of speed, balance, or body control, it can be improved by the use of agility ladders. Quickness this is the reaction time and the ability to move fast without hesitation.The following specific requirements for the soccer player for SAQ training were retrieved from Bompa and Carrera, (2005) Polman et al, (2003).Off seasonThe athletes need adequate rest and recovery, in order to start preparation for season as soon as possible, Bompa and Carrera, (2005).Off season- Early pre seasonTeams start to train with agility ladders to improve foot speed and foot to ground contact, sprints, hop in different directions, push-ups, dribbling around cones, spot running, turn and sprint drills, w orking at moderate to high intensity, and adequate rest between repetitions.Late pre seasonTeams continue speed, agility and quickness training like last season but incorporate adaptions resisted sprints, one on one games, more sport specific movements and increase intensity of training.In season-maintanceTo maintain speed, agility and quickness, and their reactions that the SAQ training has taught them over the pre season training and apply the above to their performances on the pitch.ConclusionIn conclusion to this assignment on the preparation requirements for a soccer player, the following headings have been explained giving general information, Strength Training, Endurance Training, Speed Agility and Quickness Training, then moving on to give specific information about the requirements for the soccer player.According to Kraemer et al, (2004) an adequate mixture of soccer specific practices and strength and conditioning programmes which require the development of aerobic capacit y, strength, power, speed, and speed endurance, can sustain and develop a soccer players physical performance therefore allowing the athlete to perform at their best throughout the whole season.

INFLUENZA Essay -- essays research papers

INFLUENZAA virus called an Orthomyxovirus causes influenza. Often called flu, sometimes-even grippe. It is a very contagious disease, and it infects many parts of our bodies. This also includes are lungs. A person can get influenza if someone coughs, sneezes, or even talks around you while they are infected. Influenza is sometimes considered serious in some cases but can be prevented and treated. When you get the flu in the lungs, the lining of the respiratory tract is damaged by becoming swollen and inflamed. but the damage is not always permanent, and tissue heals within a couple of weeks. It is a respiratory disease, even though it infects the whole body.The victims symptoms usually are fever, chills, weakness, termination of appetite and body, head, back, arm, and leg ache. If you have the disease you may also suffer sore throat, a dry cough, nausea, and burning red eyes. Usually the victim bequeath have nasal congestion and mucus discharge. The fever can reach to about 104*F but it only lasts about 2-3 days then it recedes. now and then in more heartbreaking cases there will also be gastrointestinal upset. In short, after all these horrible symptoms the patient still feels fagged a series of days after the flu is gone.Healthy people have nothing to worry about really when it comes to influenza. It is a moderately severe illness and people are usually back on...

Theme Elements in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart :: Things Fall Apart essays

Theme Elements in Things choke Apart Achbe, in the novel Things Fall Apart, conveys a flavor of traditional African culture in the 1800s. But despite this, it seems the tragedy of okonkwo that embodies the theme of the novel. Many of Achebes themes are not modified to the events in his novel, but relate to SITUATIONS, in which traditional values are questioned and people from different cultures meet, the most profound impact being related to the themes of devotion and justice. Like any good religion, the Igbo religion comes with many superstitions. Personal chi is one of the superstitions in the Igbo tribe. Chi can be a personal separate of the Supreme Being, unique for each individual. It determines much of a persons success and character. When a man says yes his chi says yes also (19). But at the same time a man does not challenge his chi. The evil you have done can ruin the whole clan. The earth goddess whom you have insulted may refuse to give us her increase, and we shall a ll perish (22). Ezeani said this to okonkwo in response to his challenge against his chi, by beating his wife during the week of peace. Okonkwo BECAME THE EXAMPLE OF A person challenging his get chi. His desperate desire to succeed his chi, does not let him go any further than failure, destruction and death. Chi is simultaneously a destiny and an internal commitment, WHICH cannot be denied. The Igbo religion has a tendency to symbolize numerous amounts of divine gods. They HAD a god for every different natural phenomenon that occurred. These things of worship were things such as trees, pieces of wood, hills, caves etc. For every symbolic god there was a being in the clan that represented it. Ezeani the priestess, of the goddess of the earth, represented the goddess of earth (Ani). The clan seeks knowledge from the god through and through the oracle of the hills and caves. Other symbols in the Igbo religion are the sacred silk cotton tree and the evil forest. The festivals, in t he novel contribute to the development of this theme as well. The two festivals Week of peace and The Feast of the New Yam ARE SYMBOLS OF IMPORTANCE TO the clan and OF THE power WHICH gods have. The week of peace was one of the means of optical fusion FOR the clan and appeasement for the gods in control over the crops.